Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba, is one of the most formidable and controversial figures of the sixteenth century. He has long been depicted as an evil genius: the gruesome face of Spanish imperialism and dark suppressor of the revolt in the Low Countries.During his long and fascinating life Alba revealed wide-ranging skills and interests. A successful soldier, he was also a distinguished courtier and an influential diplomat, serving his monarchs, Charles V and Philip II, without fail. Moreover, he was an avid art collector.Previously unexamined data from various international archives and newly developed insights have now collectively formed a more nuanced image of the Grand Duke. In this book, sixteen leading historians from eight countries present their differing views on Alba's life and career, shedding new light on this intriguing and influential leader who had strong political and religious convictions.