AcknowledgementsPrefaceIntroductionI. Predecessors1. City gates in the Middle East, Greece and GaulII. Forms2. The first city gates: Wide enough for traffic3. From single-portalled to three-portalled gates4. The Empire: Imposing city gate complexes5. Late Antiquity: Back to city defence6. Five city gates in more detail7. SummaryIII. Functions8. City defence9. Traffic10. Water management11. Status and decoration12. Watching and toll13. Meeting points and economy14. Religion and magic15. SummarySummary and conclusionAppendix 1. Dating city gatesAppendix 2. Plans of city gate typesAppendix 3. Dimensions of significant city gatesBibliographyIndexesThis book discusses various aspects of city gates in the Western Roman Empire: Italy, Spain, Gaul, Germany and Britain. In these countries many Roman city gates are to be found, sometimes still in a good condition, like the Porta Nigra in Trier and the Porta Appia in Rome.Similarly to medieval or early-modern city gates, Roman city gates did not all have the same design but show an evolution over time and depending on the circumstances: sometimes they appear as simple, narrow passages (which were easy to defend), sometimes as impressively monumental complexes (which were comfortable for increased traffic and were comparable in their function to triumphal arches: both served as symbols of urbanitas, expressing Roman power).But city gates had more functions than being a part of the city defence system and the road infrastructure. In many cases, they played a role in the supply of drinking-water and the removal of waste water. Furthermore they were connected to social and magico-religious aspects of city life.This book brings together all available material concerning those city gates in the Roman West that are preserved in a good enough condition to be described and discussed. It focusses on the forms and functions of the gates. In addition, it comprises textual sources (both literary and epigraphic material) containing information on the uses of city gates.