Foreword of the Series EditorsPreface of the Book EditorsOpening WordsV. P. J. Arponen, Artur Ribeiro, Konrad OttTowards DifferenceRachel CrellinArchaeology and MetamodernityCaroline HeitzAnalogical Reasoning and the New Materialism: Reactions to Discourses on ModernityJerimy J. CunninghamEscaping Modernity with Modernity: Some Reactions to ReactionsV. P. J. ArponenOrigins of the Anthropocene in the Neolithic: A Contribution to an Understanding of the Deep Roots of the Modern ConditionKonrad OttThis collection provides interdisciplinary discussions of the impact of the heritage of modernity in archaeology and related disciplines from a theoretical and philosophical point of view. The ways the philosophical and scientific heritage of modernity shapes current human scientific thought is a much-discussed topic in archaeology, anthropology, and beyond. From central themes of modernity, such as reductionism, materialism, and physicalism, there is a connection to central archaeological and other concerns with the relationship of nature to culture – the biological, cognitive, and physiological, on the one hand, and the social, political, and epistemological on the other.As a political and economic form, modernity also has fundamentally shaped modern archaeological and related scientific practices of “fast” and “slow” science. Modernity, however, was and is also in part a reflective, humanist project constantly reassessing itself and its own intellectual foundations, commitments, presuppositions, and biases. In this sense, any critiques of modernity arguably draw from this aspect of the heritage of modernity itself. All these issues pertain to fundamental methodological and conceptual questions about our understanding of the human past, present, and future that are discussed in this collection.The book is a product of an international workshop held at Kiel University, Germany, on the topic of philosophy of archaeology. It will be of interest to theoretically minded readers in archaeology, anthropology, philosophy, social theory, and beyond.