Applications, possibilities, and limitations of handheld XRF in art conservation and archaeology.Over the last decade the technique of X-ray fluorescence has evolved, fromdependence on laboratory-based standalone units to field use of portableand lightweight handheld devices. These portable instruments have givenresearchers in art conservation and archaeology the opportunity to studya broad range of materials with greater accessibility and flexibility than everbefore.This volume focuses specifically on the applications, possibilities, and limitations of handheld XRF in art conservation and archaeology. The papersdeal with experimental methodologies, protocols, and possibilities of handheldXRF analysis in dealing with the complexity of materials encounteredin this research.