This book contains an up-to-date analysis on the legal aspects of nuclear non-proliferationand disarmament. It scrutinizes the effectiveness, the limits, the adaptation, and the futurechallenges of the regime on the control of nuclear weapons which is still based on the 1968Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and supported by the IAEAcontrols.It also deals with new challenges to the non-proliferation legal order deriving mainly fromnew nuclear weapon states, the North Korean withdrawal from the NPT, the Iranian nuclearprograms, activities of non-state actors, the easier access of states and other entities to sensitivematerials, the still remote entry into force of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and thedebate on a fissile material cut-off treaty.As nuclear proliferation and disarmament are among the main threats to international peaceand security, this publication is also of interest outside the circle of academics andpractitioners in the field.