This study revolves around the issue of the participation of juvenile defendants in the youth court. Juvenile defendants' right to be heard, as stipulated in international children's rights law and standards, and the fact that juveniles have a limited understanding of the juvenile justice process are taken as starting points to formulate directives in order for young persons to be able to participate effectively in the youth court.

In total, the cases of 3,019 juvenile defendants have been observed in youth courts and other competent administrative bodies in juvenile justice in 11 European countries. The Scottish children's hearing and the juvenile justice practice in Switzerland come forward as examples of best practice regarding the participation of juveniles. A more intimate and informal setting contributes to making the hearing more accessible for the young person and his parents. Furthermore, this study shows that the fulfilment of the requirements for the effective participation of juvenile defendants is not possible in the adversarial youth courts in Europe.

-Stephanie Rap wrote her PhD thesis on comparative juvenile justice at Utrecht University. There, she currently teaches youth criminology and comparative juvenile justice.