Through a comparative review of eight legal systems, this book examines the legal aspects of parenthood and nationality following inter-country surrogacy arrangements and the influence of European and international human rights law on the determination of parentage, the establishment of nationality and the prevention of statelessness as well as identity rights, continuation of relationship rights and, more broadly, child protection. This research considers whether national laws on parenthood and the establishment of nationality sufficiently protect the interests of surrogate-born children and the parties to a surrogacy arrangement in accordance with identifiable standards under European and international human rights law. Soft law and hard law recommendations are provided to protect the interests of these children.