This book argues that premodern societies were characterised by the quest for Ÿvirtue.Œ The concept of virtue, complicated and muchfought-over, permeated society, encouraging wisdom, courage, and justice, while simultaneously legitimising social hierarchies based on sex and nationality. By examining pedagogical texts, rituals, performances, and images, this book illuminates the evolution of virtuethrough time, helping readers understand the guiding principles of historical action.