IntroductionG. L. Dusseldorp, W. Chu, C. Bakels & M. SoressiPrefaceJ.-J. HublinFour decades of Middle Palaeolithic research at Maastricht-Belvédère (Limburg, The Netherlands): current state of knowledge and perspectivesD. DeLoeckerForty years after Maastricht-Belvédère: The story of a Middle Palaeolithic quarry site at Roeselare (Flanders)P. Van Peer, W. Caes, D. Geerts, B. PeetersAvocational archaeology and the Middle Palaeolithic of Dutch and Belgian LimburgP. Glauberman, Y. Raczynski-Henk, L. AmkreutzA handaxe made from a ‘Meuse egg’, found at Zandvoort in shell grit from the North SeaD. Stapert, L. Johansen, M. NiekusFaunal exploitation at Laugerie Basse, Dordogne, France: The Legacy of Alain RoussotR. CosgroveZaozer’e: the site of the beginning of the Upper Palaeolithic in the northeastern Europe (western foothills of the Middle Urals)P. PavlovL’apport de l’analyse lithologique et technologique des bifaces dans l’analyse des comportements des derniers neandertaliensA. Turq, J. Ph. FaivreReflections on the Eemian hornbeam (Carpinus) forest at Neumark-Nord 2C. BakelsFire in the hole: a prototype agent-based model for studying hunter-gatherers’ fire-driven huntingA. Nikulina, F. ScherjonThe power of the water voleT. van KolfschotenExploring landscape burning as the earliest active use of fireF. Reidsma, A. Henry“Classical” geography, Carl Sauer and the evolution of human fire useJ. KolenProtection against fire usage-associated toxic compounds in Neanderthal and Denisovan hominins, compared to ancient and extant modern humansJ. Aarts, G. AlinkRemarks on taxonomy, signal to noise, scaling, Paleolithic life, lemmings and the joys of archaeologyN.J. ConardHearths, huts, and hospitality: a dive into deep historyC. GambleTerra Incognita Revisited: the settlement patterns of early humans in north-west EuropeN. Ashton, R. Davis, S. Lewis, S. ParfittThis collection of papers was compiled in celebration of the remarkable academic career of Professor Wil Roebroeks, who has established himself as one of Europe’s leading figures in Palaeolithic archaeology over the past three decades and founded the Human origins research group at Leiden University. The volume features a diverse array of chapters contributed by close colleagues, as well as former and current students, providing a thorough overview of the flourishing field of Palaeolithic archaeology both at Leiden University and beyond its academic walls. Among the studies presented, several focus on the landmark site of Maastricht-Belvédère, which was initially excavated under the direction of Roebroeks. The detailed analyses offered within these chapters shed light on Neanderthal behaviour, providing an exceptionally high-resolution view of their activities and adaptations. Additional contributions explore broader themes in human prehistory, delving into Neanderthal land-use strategies, their sophisticated management of fire, and aspects of modern human subsistence practices, including the use of shelters and living spaces.This volume will be of great interest to archaeologists specializing in hunter-gatherer studies, Pleistocene archaeology, or those with a more general interest in human prehistory and the behaviours of early hominin species.