Substantial and far-reaching changes in the field of criminal justice have occurred in the Netherlands, at the European level and in international criminal law. As a consequence of a changed social and political climate, due to globalization, counter-terrorism and security populism, we are currently witnessing a profound transformation in the objectives, nature and instruments of criminal justice systems. This volume critically analyzes the origins of this transformation and the difficulties criminal law systems are facing when balancing security and liberty today. The contributions aim to signalize such shifting responsibilities and commensurate consequences for the basic principles of modern criminal justice by means of in-depth studies covering different areas of criminal justice.This volume is the result of the Dutch annual conference for PhD-researchers in the field of criminal justice that was organized at the Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology (Utrecht University) in 2009. The contributions, written by PhD-researchers and senior academics, cover three different levels of criminal law: (i) the domestic level in the Netherlands; (ii) the European Union and its legislative impact upon the domestic criminal justice systems; and (iii) the international criminal justice system.The topic 'shifting responsibilities' is analyzed in two different respects. Firstly, as regards responsibilities shifting on the part of the state as an actor in the criminal justice system, in relation to supranational and international actors. Secondly, as regards responsibilities shifting due to reallocations of 'rights and responsibilities' amongst individuals or legal entities, in terms of both criminal liability of persons and their position throughout the criminal procedure. This book is part of the so-called Pompe series, which contains publications by staff members of the Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology in Utrecht, and by authors closely aligned to the school of thought for which the Institute is known. One of its main characteristics has always been the combination of legal and social-scientific approaches to problems of criminal law. The central theme of the Institute's research programme is the protection and enforcement of fundamental rights in a changing world. Within that programme, research focuses on the position of vulnerable groups in relation to the state and on the significance of individual human rights in an international context.